| Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 
      16:46:54 -0600  
        
        Dear Chris, 
        
          
        
        Quaternions are a much 
        more advanced algebra than vectors or tensors, and so electrodynamics 
        expressed in quaternions allows a great many things to be done and seen 
        by the modeler, than exist in the tensor and electrodynamics models.  
        For example, you cannot even see what Tesla was doing in his circuits, 
        if you use the standard vector and tensor electrodynamics.  That was 
        rigorously shown by one of the fine electrodynamicists, T. Barrett, in 
        his paper 
        "Tesla's 
        Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC) Theory," Annales de la 
        Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), 1991, p. 23-41. 
          
        I 
        recommend you read Graham P. Collins, "Fractional Success," Scientific 
        American, 286(1), Jan. 2002, p. 21 --- and particularly the side panel 
        discussing mathematics and the universe.  A dimension, e.g., is a 
        "degree of freedom".  Simply put, if you "look in higher dimensions", 
        even a familiar object is surprisingly different.  And the article is 
        speaking of viewing the universe in a "four-dimensional flatland" 
        intersection of a five dimensional universe.  It appears we may be able 
        to get all the various theory together into the "theory of everything", 
        although conventional scientists are skeptical, as the article reports. 
          
        But the 
        interesting thing is that this very much more advanced "look" at the 
        universe turns out to be directly related to quaternion algebra!    
        Quoting, "Only quaternions, complex numbers and real numbers -- 
        corresponding to four, two and one dimensions, respectively --- have the 
        right properties for making the required exotic quantum state." 
          
        
        Interestingly, Maxwell started --- or tried to start -- his 
        electrodynamics in quaternion algebra and quaternion-like algebra.  But 
        this was so far ahead of the times (1865) that he himself participated 
        in starting the reduction of his theory to vectors (and later tensors).  
        Just because the vectors were simpler, and the "electricians" (as 
        electrical engineers were then called) would "never be able to learn 
        that exotic a mathematical exposition". 
          
        He must 
        have been correct; they haven't adopted it yet, but still hang in there 
        with vectors and, when they wish to be "advanced", use tensors. 
          
        You can't 
        see past the "old science" to a new science if you will only look at 
        things the way the old science does, and the old model does. 
          
        Anyway, 
        that's what all the fuss is about.  There are many better algebras 
        already available in which electrodynamics can be embedded and has been 
        to some extent.  Quaternions is one such; Pauli algebra is another.  
        Clifford algebra is even "higher", etc. 
          
        So some 
        problems of the world can be handled with arithmetic alone, e.g.  Some 
        require ordinary high school algebra.  Some require calculus and 
        vectors, or tensors.  And some require much higher "modeling and 
        looking". 
          
        
        Quaternions is a very good way to start, because they also are 
        intimately involved or associated with many attempts to produce a 
        "theory of everything".  I particularly like Mendel Sachs's unified 
        field theory, which again is surprisingly associated with quaternions. 
          
        In simple 
        language, it's sorta like this:  If you wish to be able to see over the 
        intervening mountains to the other side and what's over there, you 
        cannot use straight beams of light from the desert floor far below.  If 
        you can get curved beams, fine!  Or if you can get up higher than the 
        mountains, you can see beyond them with "straight beams". 
          
        
        Quaternions give us a great deal more flexibility in the "search beyond 
        those present mountain barriers" and enable us to see what's out there 
        beyond the present limits. 
          
        Best 
        wishes, 
        Tom 
        Bearden 
         
        
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