| Date: Tue, 14 Jan 2003
23:12:09 -0600
Dear Beat,
Again, in our MEG we
only have a small successful lab experiment, and we are presently
involved in serious discussions with two potential financial partners
(these have been ongoing for some time). We DO NOT have a robust
demonstrator with kilowatts of output, ready to scale up to power homes,
etc. We are, however, working with a well-known university to assist us
and independently evaluate the system and its phenomenology.
So presently we wish
to remain in the ongoing funding negotiations we have already invested a
great deal of time and effort in, as well as in our work with the
university.
For your investors:
Please have their technical personnel (physicists) look at the following
scientific papers (on which I briefly comment):
1. D. J.
Evans and D. J. Searles, "Equilibrium microstates which generate second
law violating steady states," Phys.
Rev. E, Vol. 50, 1994, p. 1645-1648. As is well-known,
modern thermodynamics is founded on statistical mechanics. All
statistical systems have fluctuations, else they would be deterministic
and not statistical. This paper places the statistical fluctuations on
a rigorous basis, the advances that basis, called the fluctuation
theorem. In a fluctuation, the reactions in a fluctuation run
backwards, and so negentropy can be produced for a short time instead of
entropy.
2. D.
J. Searles and Denis J. Evans, "The fluctuation theorem for stochastic
systems," Phys. Rev. E,
vol. 60, 1999, p. 159-164; ---- "The fluctuation theorem and Green-Kubo
relations," J. Chem. Phys.,
Vol. 112, 2000, p. 9727-9735; ----- "Ensemble dependence of the
transient fluctuation theorem," J.
Chem. Phys., Vol. 113, 2000, p. 3503-3509; D. J. Evans, D.
J. Searles, and E. Mittag, "Fluctuation theorem for Hamiltonian systems:
Le Chatelier's principle,
Phys. Rev. E., Vol. 63, 2001, 051105/1-4.
These
papers further examined aspects and applications of the fluctuation
theorem.
3.
Gavin E.
Crooks, "Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibrium
work relation for free energy differences,"
Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 60, 1999,
p. 2721-2726.
This paper further
generalized the fluctuation theorem, extending its range of application.
4.
G. M.
Wang, E. M. Sevick, Emil Mittag, Debra J. Searles, and Denis J. Evans,
"Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales,"
Phys. Rev. Lett., 89(5), 29
July 2002, 050601. The authors experimentally
demonstrate some new results for the integrated transient fluctuation
theorem, which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the
second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales.
Entropy consumption is experimentally demonstrated over colloidal length
(micron size) and time scales for up to two seconds. (We point out that
a cubic micron of water, e.g., contains some 30 billion molecules. So
this is an appreciable effect indeed, having very powerful implications
for chemistry, and it has been surprising to most physicists).
5.
D. J.
Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of Nonequilibrium
Steady States," J. Stat. Phys.,
Vol. 109, Nov. 2002, p. 895-920.
The entropy of
nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) systems is particularly interesting.
Such a system can exhibit an initial negative Gibbs entropy, with the
entropy continuously decreasing further toward negative entropy as time
passes. In short, a continuously negentropic process or system is
possible, at least in theory. The authors, somewhat taken aback, argue
that probably a real physical system cannot exhibit such a Gibbs
entropy, but --- being careful scientists --- they admit that "the
problem persists" for deterministic dissipative dynamics. In short,
they apparently did not know of or realize such a physical system
(actually, a common solar cell is just such a system), but recognized
that it could not be ruled out.
6. T. E. Bearden,
"Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole,"
Proceedings of Congress 2000,
St. Petersburg, Russia, Vol. 1, July 2000 , p. 86-98. Also published in
Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23. Also carried
on DoE restricted website
http://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/ and on
www.cheniere.org. See also T. E. Bearden, Energy from the Vacuum:
Concepts and Principles, Cheniere Press, Santa Barbara, CA, 2002, 977
pp., Chap. 3.
By
considering the charge from a quantum field theory viewpoint, the charge
is a dipolar ensemble consisting of a bare infinite charge in the
middle, clustered by virtual charges (also infinite charge) of opposite
sign. The externally observed finite difference is the textbook value
of the observed charge. However, because of that dipolarity, then the
proven (1957) broken symmetry of opposite charges applies to the
ensemble. Hence the charge ensemble continuously absorbs virtual
(subquantal) energy from the seething vacuum, coherently integrates it
into quanta (observable photons) , and re-emits the energy as real
observable photons radiating in all directions at light speed,
establishing and continuously replenishing the associated EM fields and
potentials and their energy, expanding across the universe at light
speed.
This solves a
long-vexing problem in electrodynamics: that of the source charge and
its associated fields. Present electrodynamics models (including
electrical engineering model or Maxwell-Heaviside model) erroneously
assume that the source charge freely creates --- out of nothing at all
-- that observable EM energy it continuously pours out without any
observable EM energy input.
In short, by
solving the source charge problem, we now have the lowly charge and its
associated "static" fields as a NESS system. Further, the fields and
potentials and their energy density are deterministic with respect to
radial distance, direction, and time of arrival, etc. The fields are
produce by emission, which is a dissipative dynamics. So the fields and
potentials and their energy are produced by deterministic dissipative
dynamics.
Hence the
vacuum-charge-field system is perhaps the first clear and unequivocal
example of the NESS system with continuous negative entropy, shown by
Evans and Rondoni. As such, it PERMISSIBLY exhibits continuous negative
entropy.
This also requires
reinterpretation of what is called "static" EM fields and potentials.
They are not static at all, but are analogous to Van Flandern's unfrozen
waterfall analogy (Tom Van Flandern,
“The
speed of gravity – What the experiments say,” Physics Letters A,
vol. 250, Dec. 21, 1998, p. 1-11) and to Whittaker's 1903 and 1904
papers (E. T. Whittaker, “On the Partial Differential Equations of
Mathematical Physics,” Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p.
333-355; --- “On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to
Electrons by Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions,” Proc. Lond.
Math. Soc., Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372). Whittaker showed
that any scalar EM potential is composed of a harmonic set of
bidirectional phase conjugate longitudinal EM wavepairs. He showed that
any EM field or wave, etc. can be decomposed into differential functions
of two scalar potentials. By applying Whittaker 1903 decomposition of
the scalar potential to Whittaker's two scalar potentials in his 1904
paper, and then applying the proper differential dynamics, then all EM
fields, potentials, and waves indeed are composed of internal structure
and moving internal parts continuously being replaced -- as in Van
Flandern's analogy.
7.
M. W.
Evans, T. E. Bearden, and A. Labounsky, "The Most General Form of the
Vector Potential in Electrodynamics,"
Foundations of Physics Letters,
15(3), June 2002, p. 245-261.
The most general form of the vector potential is deduced
in curved spacetime using general relativity. It is shown that the
longitudinal and timelike components of the vector potential exist in
general and are richly structured. Electromagnetic energy from the
vacuum is given by the quaternion valued canonical energy-momentum. It
is argued that a dipole intercepts such energy and uses it for the
generation of electromotive force. Whittaker's U(1)
decomposition of the scalar potential applied to the potential between
the poles of a dipole, shows that the dipole continuously receives
electromagnetic energy from the complex plane and emits it in real
space. The known broken 3-symmetry of the dipole results in a relaxation
from 3-flow symmetry to 4-flow symmetry. Considered with its clustering
virtual charges of opposite sign, an isolated charge becomes a set of
composite dipoles, each having a potential between its poles that, in
U(1) electrodynamics, is composed of the Whittaker
structure and dynamics. Thus the source charge continuously emits energy
in all directions in 3-space while obeying 4-space energy conservation.
This resolves the long vexing problem of the association of the
“source”
charge and its fields and potentials. In initiating 4-flow symmetry
while breaking 3-flow symmetry, the charge, as a set of dipoles,
initiates a reordering of a fraction of the surrounding vacuum energy,
with the reordering spreading in all directions at the speed of light
and involving canonical determinism between time currents and spacial
energy currents. This constitutes a giant, spreading negentropy which
continues as long as the dipole (or charge) is intact. Some implications
of this previously unsuspected giant negentropy are pointed out for the
Poynting energy flow theory, and as to how electrical circuits and loads
are powered.
8.
M. W.
Evans, P. K. Anastovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "The Aharonov-Bohm Effect
as the Basis of Electromagnetic Energy Inherent in the Vacuum,"
Foundations of Physics Letters, 15(6), Dec. 2002, p. 561-568; -----
"Runaway Solutions of the Lehnert Equations: The Possibility of
Extracting Energy from the Vacuum," Optik, 111(9), 2000, p.
407-409; ----- "Classical Electrodynamics Without the Lorentz Condition:
Extracting Energy from the Vacuum," Physica Scripta 61(5), May
2000, p. 513-517.
Those papers will give
the technical advisors the gist of why energy from the vacuum can be
established. It cannot be established in ordinary electrodynamics, which
does not model the active vacuum or its exchange with the charge, much
less a broken symmetry in that exchange. Hence all electrical
engineering departments, professors, and engineers use a model that
assumes that every charge freely creates from nothing that energy it
freely and continuously pours out to create its fields and potentials
and their energy. In short, our conventional electrical engineering
profession accepts forbidden perpetual motion machines, freely creating
energy from nothing, on a vast scale unparalleled in human history. To
model the vacuum exchange and its asymmetry, a higher group symmetry
electrodynamics (such as O(3) or quaternions) is required.
Presently I'm
intensely working on a paper titled "Charge as an Entropy-to-Negentropy
Converter Violating the Second Law of Thermodynamics," to be submitted
to a thermodynamics journal. This paper (i) completely falsifies the
second law of thermodynamics for electrodynamics, (ii) shows that the
present statement of the second law is an oxymoron assuming its
contradiction has first occurred, and (iii) provides a restatement of
the second law that does logically hold and is consistent with
experiment and theory, including the source charge and COP>1.0 EM power
systems. We should finish and submit this paper in about another 30
days.
When that paper is
published, then there will exist sufficiently rigorous proof that
extraction of energy from the vacuum is permitted by physics, higher
group symmetry electrodynamics, and thermodynamics. Further, it is easy
to extract a copious and powerful flow of EM energy freely; such a free
flow of EM energy from the vacuum is what is erroneously called a
"static field" and has been mislabeled a static field for more than a
century. The tough thing is to intercept and collect that steadily
outpouring EM energy in a circuit, then dissipate it in a load, without
using half the collected energy to destroy the dipolarity that is
extracting the energy in the first place. And we will have established
that COP>1.0 EM systems and COP = infinity systems are perfectly
permissible.
One successful way is
what is called "negative resonance absorption of the medium", as in the
Bohren-type experiment (Craig
F. Bohren, "How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on
it?" Am. J. Phys.,
51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 323-327) . Under nonlinear conditions, a particle
can absorb more energy than is in the light incident on it. Metallic
particles at ultraviolet frequencies are one class of such particles and
insulating particles at infrared frequencies are another. The Bohren
experiment is repeatable and produces COP = 18, anytime, anywhere. See
also H. Paul and R. Fischer, {Comment on “How can a particle absorb more
than the light incident on it?’},”
Am. J. Phys., 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 327.
In our current book,
Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and
Principles, available from my website,
www.cheniere.org, we cover some 40 or so devices and processes that
have been invented or proposed in the past for extracting EM energy from
the vacuum. We also explain them.
So regardless of
whether our own MEG is first or even makes it into full development and
production, I believe we have guaranteed that a century of terribly
fouled electromagnetics theory and literally "mad dog" cur dog attacks
against legitimate COP>1.0 EM system researchers is now negated, and the
young graduate students and post doctoral scientists will get it done on
their watch, if we cannot get it done on ours.
It has been our
purpose to try to guarantee that this genie does not just get put back
into the bottle again, as it has so many times before. I believe that,
when this present year is ended, we shall have succeeded. We believe
that COP>1.0 electrical power systems will break out very shortly, once
investors realize that WELL FUNDED RESEARCH in this area is a thing
whose time has come, and funding it with a strong scientific and
technical team who know some physics --- and not just electrical
engineering --- can be productive and provide a very high return on
investment.
We wish you and your
investors good fortune in that manner.
Very best wishes,
Tom Bearden
Dear
Mr. Bearden |